Muller cells: These are unique looking cells as they can be characterized by their length, extending from the outer nuclear layer to the most inner retina.The retina is the innermost layer in the eye that is responsible for the visual processing that turns light energy from photons into three-dimensional images. Īmacrine cells: The processes of these cells have characteristics of both axons and dendrites, allowing for pre- and postsynaptic transmission. Retinal ganglion cells: These cells present as having a large cell body with a dendritic tree. The outer plexiform layer, the connection between the photoreceptors and the bipolar cells, can also be appreciated under electron microscopy.īipolar cells: Bipolar cells are unique in that they have both a dendritic process above and an axon terminal below. On the other hand, the outer segments of cones contain infoldings of the surface membrane that taper slightly, giving the cones their name. The outer segments of rod include a set of membranous discs that resemble a stack of coins. Photoreceptors (rods and cones): Rods and cones contain both an outer and inner segment, and their structural distinction are visible via an electron microscope. They serve to recycle neurotransmitters, prevent glutamate toxicity, and regulate nutrient homeostasis in the retina. They contact almost every cell type in the retina, spanning the entire width from the photoreceptors to the inner retina. Müller cells: These are cells are of glial origin and are essential for proper retinal function. Bipolar cells contact ganglion and amacrine cells at the inner plexiform layer. Horizontal cells: These cells function to modulate the communication between photoreceptors and bipolar cells. They send the information they receive down their axons, which eventually form the optic nerve and project to higher brain centers.Īmacrine cells: Amacrine cells modulate the excitation of the retinal ganglion cells through contact with ganglion cell dendrites or bipolar cell axon terminal bulbs, using the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine. Retinal ganglion cells: These are the final receivers and transmitters of the initial stimulus. At the inner plexiform layer, bipolar cells are responsible for transmitting an impulse to retinal ganglion cells. Bipolar cell bodies are just shallow to this layer at the inner nuclear layer. Thus, cones are responsible for high acuity color vision.īipolar cells: Photoreceptors use the neurotransmitter, glutamate, to communicate at the synapse with bipolar cells within the outer plexiform layer. Cones, on the other hand, are not very light sensitive but are specific for a particular wavelength of light. Rods are very light sensitive and are responsible for dim-light vision. Photoreceptors (rods and cones): The detection of light begins at the deepest cell layer in the retina, the photoreceptors, located in the outer nuclear layer. This process requires the ability to sense the stimulus of light and transmit that signal from cell to cell. The retina transmits light signals into chemical signals that are sent to the brain.
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